In the univariate analysis, fulminant hepatic failure (odds ratio [OR] 5.714, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.045–31.245, p = 0.027), life expectancy less than 7 days according to UNOS liver status EGFR inhibitor classification (status 1 and 2a) (OR 2.97, 95% CI 0.883–8.242, p = 0.074), history of recent hemodialysis (OR 3.129, 95% CI 2.340–4.183, p = 0.043), recipient

bile duct opening number of more than 2 (OR 5.208, 95% CI 1.721–15.761, p = 0.002) were significant (p < 0.1). In the multivariate analysis, recipient bile duct opening number of more than 2 was statistically significant risk factor (OR 5.208, 95% CI 1.721–15.761, p = 0.003). Conclusion: Recipient bile duct opening number was associated with spontaneous hemobilia after LT. Further studies are required in order to clarify the role of recipient bile duct opening number in spontaneous hemobilia in LT patients. Key Word(s): 1. liver transplantation; 2. biliary complication; 3. spontaneous hemobilia; 4. risk factor Presenting Author: SOO KYUNG PARK Additional Authors: JONG HO MOON, HYUN JONG CHOI, YUN NAH LEE, TAE HOON LEE, SANG WOO CHA, YOUNG DEOK CHO, SANG HEUM PARK, SUN JOO KIM Corresponding Author: SOO-KYUNG PARK

Affiliations: Selleckchem R788 Soonchunhyang University School of Medicine, Soonchunhyang University School of Medicine, Soonchunhyang University School of Medicine, Soonchunhyang University School of Medicine, Soonchunhyang University School of Medicine, Soonchunhyang University School of Medicine, SoonChunHyang University School of Medicine, Soonchunhyang University School of Medicine Objective: Covered

self-expandable metallic stent (SEMS) may improve stent patency but have the risk of migration in comparison with uncovered stent in patients with distal malignant biliary obstruction. Intraductal placement above the papillary orifice of SEMS may MCE prevent duodeno-biliary reflux after stenting. This study was performed to evaluate the efficacy of modified fully covered SEMS in patients with distal malignant biliary obstruction. Methods: Total 55 patients with distal malignant biliary obstruction and obstructive jaundice were enrolled in this study. The modified fully covered SEMS (12 mm in diameter) has center portion of smaller diameter (8 mm) and long lasso without flare in both ends. Results: Causes of biliary obstruction were 27 common bile duct cancers, 21 pancreatic cancers, 5 gallbladder cancers and 2 metastatic cancers. Intraductal stenting above the papillary orifice was performed in 83.6% (46/55). Early complication rate was 5.5% (3/55, 3 mild pancreatitis). Clinical improvement of obstructive jaundice was achieved in all enrolled patients. 11 patients with operability underwent surgical resection after stenting.

We have already demonstrated that the drug theophylline, which can improve HDAC recruitment to actively transcribed chromatin, has the potential to improve ex vivo lymphocyte steroid sensitivity in acute alcoholic hepatitis.39 If HDAC activators or inhibitors of ACSS1 and 2 can modulate ethanol-associated histone changes without affecting the flow of acetyl-coA through the normal metabolic pathways, then ABT-263 in vivo they have the potential to become much-needed effective therapeutic options in acute alcoholic hepatitis. S.F.W.K. conceived and designed the study, carried out experimental work, analyzed the data, and wrote the report. G.O’B. contributed to the experimental work, data analysis,

and final report. J.M. developed the ChIP assays, contributed to data analysis, and final report. M.Z. performed

histone extraction and immunoblots and contributed to data analysis. J.P. contributed to the design of cytokine assays and to the report. D.E.J.J. and C.P.D. contributed to study design, data analysis, and the report. All authors approved the final report for submission. Additional supporting information may be found in the online version of this article. “
“Hu antigen R (HuR) is a central RNA-binding protein regulating cell dedifferentiation, proliferation, and survival, which are well-established hallmarks of cancer. HuR is frequently overexpressed in tumors correlating with tumor malignancy, which is in line with a role for HuR in tumorigenesis. However, the HDAC inhibitor precise mechanism leading to changes in HuR expression remains unclear. In the liver, HuR plays a crucial role in hepatocyte proliferation, differentiation, and transformation. Here, we unraveled a novel mean of regulation of HuR expression in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and colon cancer. HuR levels correlate with the abundance of the oncogene, murine double minute 2 (Mdm2), in human HCC and colon cancer metastases. HuR is stabilized by Mdm2-mediated NEDDylation

in at least three lysine residues, ensuring MCE its nuclear localization and protection from degradation. Conclusion: This novel Mdm2/NEDD8/HuR regulatory framework is essential for the malignant transformation of tumor cells, which, in turn, unveils a novel signaling paradigm that is pharmacologically amenable for cancer therapy. (Hepatology 2012) Hu antigen R (HuR), a member of the Elav/Hu family, is a gene-expression regulator with a central role in messenger RNA (mRNA) stabilization.1 HuR has been shown to increase cellular division by enhancing the stability of mRNAs encoding important proteins for cell-cycle control and proliferation, as well as other factors that influence tumor cell growth.2, 3 HuR expression is elevated in colon, breast, prostate, pancreatic, oral, skin, brain, gastric, lung, and ovarian cancers and correlates with tumor malignancy, supporting a role for HuR in tumorigenesis.

1). The initial stage of HBV reactivation caused by chemotherapy-induced immune suppression is characterized by enhanced viral replication, as reflected by increases in the serum levels of HBV DNA, hepatitis B e-antigen (HBeAg) and HBsAg, indicating that suppression of a normal immunological response to HBV leads to enhanced viral replication and widespread infection of hepatocytes.[13] In particular, in cases of positive anti-HBs antibody, reactivation of HBV typically starts with a decrease

of anti-HBs antibody titers. This may be related to the use of biologic therapy, such as anti-CD20 monoclonal antibody rituximab and anti-CD52 antibody alemtuzumab, which cause profound and long-lasting immunosuppression; however, a decrease of anti-HBs antibody titers is seen in all cases, including those on biologic drug-free chemotherapy, Regorafenib in vivo namely, tumor necrosis factor-α inhibitors. There are at least two mechanisms by which immunosuppressive this website agents may

increase HBV replication and expression. As the host immune response to the virus plays a crucial role in controlling HBV infection,[14] suppression of such immune responses should increase viral replication. Meanwhile, immunosuppressive agents may have a more direct stimulatory effect on viral replication. In fact, corticosteroid increases HBV DNA and RNA production in vitro by stimulating HBV transcription, by binding to the glucocorticoid responsive element and augmenting the HBV enhancer I;[15, 16] however, it is controversial whether corticosteroid increases the secretion of HBsAg and HBeAg.[15-17] Although combinations of immunosuppressive agents may cause an increase in levels of intracellular HBV DNA, lower concentrations of prednisolone were presumably unable to stimulate HBV replication, so the doses of these compounds should be kept as low as practically possible when used clinically. In the second stage of reactivation, functionality of the immune system is restored 上海皓元医药股份有限公司 after chemotherapy is discontinued. Infected

hepatocytes with recognizable viral antigens on their surface may then be exposed and would be cleared by T lymphocytes, leading to hepatic injury and necrosis. Clinically, this can lead to hepatitis with an increase in alanine aminotransferase (ALT) levels, hepatic failure and even death. Concurrently, HBV DNA levels may decrease by improved cytopathic and non-cytopathic immune mechanisms.[18, 19] The third stage of reactivation is the recovery phase, during which clinical hepatitis resolves and HBV markers return to baseline levels.[20, 21] The retrospective and prospective studies of HBV reactivation in HBsAg negative patients with hematological malignancies were summarized in previous reviews.[22-24] As for the reason for considerable variation (1.0–23.

3, 10, 11 IgG4-associated cholangitis

(IAC) is the biliary manifestation of ISD, which is commonly found in association with AIP and presents with biliary strictures and obstructive jaundice that may mimic primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC) or cholangiocarcinoma (CCA). IAC may also occur without the classic radiologic findings of pancreatic involvement seen in AIP, which can make it difficult to distinguish between IAC and PSC or CCA.12-18 The reliability of buy Venetoclax sIgG4 to distinguish between IAC and other pancreaticobiliary diseases has recently been questioned. An elevated sIgG4 has been reported in 9% of patients with PSC.19 Histologic and immunohistochemical examination of explanted livers from patients who underwent liver transplantation for PSC showed the

presence of elevated sIgG4 in 22% of cases and IgG4-positive plasma cell infiltrates in the hilar regions of 23% of the explanted livers. Further, the presence of IgG4-positive plasma cell infiltrates was associated with a more aggressive clinical course including a significantly shorter time to transplant, a lower likelihood of cirrhosis at the time of transplant, MEK inhibitor and a greater than 3-fold higher risk of PSC recurrence after transplant.20 These findings raise the possibility that IgG4-positive plasma cell infiltrates define a distinct subtype of PSC. Of particular interest, 17% of the PSC cases with IgG4-positive plasma cell infiltrates were associated with cholangiocarcinoma, and 18% of non-PSC-related cholangiocarcinomas showed moderate IgG4-positive plasma cell infiltrates. It has also been shown that histologic examination reveals higher numbers of IgG4-positive cells in IAC than in PSC.6 Although the sIgG4 was not assessed, another recent study has shown positive tissue staining for IgG4 in 9 of 26 (35%) liver tissue specimens from patients with autoimmune hepatitis.21 Regarding the utility of sIgG4 in distinguishing ISD from cancer, 7% to 10% of pancreatic cancer patients have been found to have elevated sIgG4,22, 23 but the utility of sIgG4 in distinguishing IAC from CCA has not been examined to date. Several studies have reported cases of IAC (either isolated or in association

MCE公司 with AIP) mimicking CCA on presentation. Unfortunately, a number of these patients were treated with surgical resections that could have been avoided if the correct diagnosis of IAC had been made.11, 13-18, 24 On the other hand, treatment of patients suspected of having IAC with glucocorticoids when the actual underlying condition is CCA may not only delay accurate diagnosis and timely intervention, but may result in fatal outcomes. It is therefore important to develop minimally invasive methods for distinguishing IAC from other pancreaticobiliary diseases, particularly CCA. Elevation of the sIgG4 remains an essential element in the HISORt criteria, but whether the serum (or tissue) IgG4 level can distinguish IAC from CCA (e.g.

2% for flat- and 4.2% for protruded-type. This was significantly higher in the depressed-type lesions. The rate of adenomatous component was 6.2%, 50.8% and 55.7%, respectively. This was significantly lower in depressed-type

lesions, and suggested that they emerge directly from the normal epithelium without going through the adenoma stage. Conclusion: Depressed-type colorectal carcinomas are small, but invade massively. They had higher risks of vessel permeation, tumor budding and nodal metastasis than flat- and protruded-types. Furthermore, they had a lower rate of adenomatous component, suggesting that they are “de novo” carcinomas. For their rapid growth and malignant nature, whether or not they are depressed-type Regorafenib concentration is very important in the diagnosis of colorectal neoplasms. Key Word(s): 1. cororectal carcinoma; Presenting Author: XIAOHUI GUAN Additional Authors: XIAOYING LI, XIAO HAN, LIPING AN Corresponding Author: XIAOHUI GUAN Affiliations: Affiliated Hospital of Beihua University; College of Pharmacy of Beihua University CHIR-99021 Objective: Polyclonal antibody preparation of ASPP1 and research ASPP1 and expression in the colon cancer tissue, study the expression and the colon cancer tissue differentiation degree, infiltration depth,

lymph node metastasis, to clarify the role of ASPP1 in knot bowel cancer. The role of bowel cancer. Methods: According medchemexpress to bioinformatics software analysis of ASPP1 protein secondary structure, antigenicity and hydrophilicity, hydrophobicity, physical and chemical properties by homology search, antibody design consideration of other factors, to design a polypeptide, preparation of polyclonal antibody. Using the ELISA and Western blot and immunohistochemistry method to measure its titer and specificity. Using immunohistochemical

Sp method in 30 cases of colon cancer tissue and 15 cases of normal colon tissue expression of ASPP1 and determine the expression of ASPP1 and colon tissue differentiation degree, infiltration depth, lymph node metastasis and clinical pathological features of relations. Results: Successfully predicted its antigenicity analysis; Preparation of polyclonal antibody against people ASPP1; By using ELISA and Western blot and immunohistochemistry staining method confirmed the high antibody titer, the specificity is strong. ASPP1 in carcinoma tissue of high, medium and low differentiation degree of expression of the lower level of differentiation, the less the expression. The infiltration depth, and presence of expression there was no significant difference in lymph node metastasis. ASPP1 in colon cancer and normal colon tissues was no significant difference (p > 0.05). Conclusion: Using bioinformatics software to predict ASPP1 antigenicity, and successful preparation of the high specificity of ASPP1 polyclonal antibody.

The translucent structure of the ceramic might have also affected the results of the present study. Different ceramic systems cemented with resin cements might exhibit different TP changes after

aging. This study used two thicknesses of one shade of ceramic material and different shades of different types of resin cements. More studies should be conducted to examine the translucency changes through various ceramic and abutment shades and over different times. The present study demonstrated that cementation process had a significant effect on the TP values of ceramic veneers, and cemented veneers get more opaque after aging regardless of the type or the shade of the resin cement. It may be suggested that clinicians can use either dual- or light-cured resin cements in esthetic clinical cases, but they should consider the translucency value of the shade of the chosen resin cement to asses more esthetic results. Also, this website they should be careful while selecting the same shade of different brands of resin cement, as their TP values could be different from each other. Within the limitations of this study, the following conclusions were made: The cementation process significantly influenced TP of both 0.5- and 1-mm-thick IPS e.max Press ceramic

veneers (p < 0.05). TP of the same NVP-LDE225 price shade of different brands were different from each other. RelyX Veneer cemented ceramics showed the lowest TP. Ceramics and the cemented ceramics get more opaque after aging. There was no significant difference between TP of translucent shades of light- or dual-cured resin cements beneath the same shade of ceramic veneer after aging (p > 0.05). The authors thank to Dr Elif Arslan Bagis for her support while preparing this study. “
“Purpose: Analyzing the clinical performance of restorative materials is important, as there is an expectation that these materials and procedures will restore teeth and do no harm. The objective of this research

study was to characterize the clinical performance of metal-ceramic crowns, core ceramic MCE crowns, and core ceramic/veneer ceramic crowns based on 11 clinical criteria. Materials and Methods: An IRB-approved, randomized, controlled clinical trial was conducted as a single-blind pilot study. The following three types of full crowns were fabricated: (1) metal-ceramic crown (MC) made from a Pd-Au-Ag-Sn-In alloy (Argedent 62) and a glass-ceramic veneer (IPS d.SIGN veneer); (2) non-veneered (glazed) lithium disilicate glass-ceramic crown (LDC) (IPS e.max Press core and e.max Ceram Glaze); and (3) veneered lithia disilicate glass-ceramic crown (LDC/V) with glass-ceramic veneer (IPS Empress 2 core and IPS Eris). Single-unit crowns were randomly assigned. Patients were recalled for each of 3 years and were evaluated by two calibrated clinicians. Thirty-six crowns were placed in 31 patients. A total of 12 crowns of each of the three crown types were studied.

The goal of therapy for hepatitis B is to improve quality of life and survival by preventing progression of the disease to cirrhosis, decompensated cirrhosis, end-stage liver disease, hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), and death. This goal can be achieved by suppressing HBV replication in a sustained manner, thereby reducing histological activity of chronic hepatitis and decreasing the risk of developing cirrhosis, and decreasing signaling pathway the risk of HCC in non-cirrhotic patients and probably also, but to a lesser

extent, in cirrhotic patients. In HBe-positive chronic hepatitis B patients, HBV-DNA suppression to undetectable levels in real-time PCR and subsequent HBeseroconversion (defined as conversion from HBeAg-positive to HBeAg-negative status, associated with conversion of anti-HBe negative to anti-HBe-positive status) is associated with biochemical and

histological responses. Treatment can be stopped 6–12 months after HBeseroconversion. In HBe-negative chronic hepatitis B patients, treatment should be administrated indefinitely. HBeAg-positive patients who develop HBeseroconversion with pegylated interferon or NUCs require long follow-up because of the possibility of HBeseroreversion or HBeAg-negative chronic hepatitis B. HBsAg should be checked at 6-month intervals after HBeseroconversion if HBV-DNA is undetectable. Quantitative HBsAg assay is still a

research tool. In case of a primary non-response, i.e., failure to achieve a 1 log10 reduction Roscovitine manufacturer from baseline at 12 weeks, interferon treatment should be stopped and replaced with an analog. 上海皓元医药股份有限公司 “
“Oncogenic activation of the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway is common in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Our recent studies have demonstrated that SRY (sex determining region Y)-box 1 (SOX1) and secreted frizzled-related proteins are concomitantly promoter-hypermethylated, and this might lead to abnormal activation of the Wnt signaling pathway in HCC. SOX1 encodes a transcription factor involved in the regulation of embryonic development and cell fate determination. However, the expression and functional role of SOX1 in HCC remains unclear. In this study, we confirmed via quantitative methylation-specific polymerase chain reaction that SOX1 was frequently downregulated through promoter hypermethylation in HCC cells and tissues. Overexpression of SOX1 by a constitutive or inducible approach could suppress cell proliferation, colony formation, and invasion ability in HCC cell lines, as well as tumor growth in nonobese diabetic/severe combined immunodeficiency mice. Conversely, knockdown of SOX1 by withdrawal of doxycycline could partially restore cell proliferation and colony formation in HCC cells.

Augmentation of immunosuppression using steroids is dictated by clinical, biochemical and histological severity of AR and represents the main way of treatment. “
“Endoscopic intervention with metallic biliary stenting is increasingly being performed for the management of variety of pancreatic and hepatobiliary disorders. A rare complication of metallic biliary stent insertion is stent embedment. Although a recognized complication, there is limited literature available addressing the treatment

of this complication. This report demonstrates the effectiveness of a “stent-in-stent” technique to remove an embedded biliary metal stents. A 50-year-old man with chronic alcoholism presented with biliary obstruction related to a chronic pancreatitis and a benign biliary stricture. The initial ERCP (Endoscopic Retrograde Cholangio Pancreatography) showed a 5 mm benign biliary stricture that was treated with sequential insertion of plastic selleck chemical biliary stents. Despite two attempts with plastic stents, the stricture did not improve radiologically. The patient was subsequently treated by insertion of a self-expanding covered metal stent (WallFlex Biliary RX Fully Covered 10 mm × 60 mm, Boston Scientific,

CHIR-99021 datasheet Marlborough, MA, USA). Post-procedure the patient was lost to follow up but re-presented 14 months following the metal stent insertion with cholangitis. Repeat ERCP showed a blocked stent with complete embedment of the distal end due to in-growth of epithelial tissue (Fig. 1a). Stent removal was not possible despite vigorous attempts including the use of Jumbo forceps to remove epithelial in-growth. A new self-expanding covered metal stent (WallFlex

Biliary RX Fully Covered 10 mm × 60 mm, Boston Scientific) was inserted within the embedded stent to induce pressure necrosis of ingrown epithelial tissue (Fig. 1b,c). Repeat ERCP was performed 2 weeks later. At this procedure, the recently inserted inner stent was removed without difficulty and the outer embedded stent could now be removed with minimal resistance. Post-ERCP cholangiogram showed resolution of the stricture. The MCE patient has remained asymptomatic post-procedure during 6 months during outpatient follow up. Self-expanding metal stents are safe devices for patients with obstructive jaundice secondary to benign as well as malignant biliary strictures. With their large and prolonged patent lumen, they have superior drainage capacity relative to plastic stents. Despite the good safety profile of fully covered self-expanding covered metal stents, serious complications such as stent embedment may occur, particularly if they are left in for prolonged time periods. The majority of embedded metal stent removal techniques involve mechanical modalities using accessories such as grasping Dormia baskets, forceps and snares as well as YAG laser (Neodymium-doped yttrium aluminum garnet). Most these mechanical techniques carry potential risks of perforation and bleeding.

The resulting pellet was resuspended in resuspension buffer (0.25 M sucrose, 10 mM HEPES [4-(2-hydroxyethyl)-1-piperazine ethanesulfonic acid] [pH 7.5]) containing a protease and phosphatase inhibitor cocktail. Protein concentration was determined by bicinchoninic acid protein assay. see more Western blot analysis was performed as described.15 Antibodies used in this study are listed in Supporting Table 2. Results were analyzed using one-way analysis of variance followed by pairwise

comparisons with the two-tailed Student t test. Values of P < 0.05 were considered significant. Hepatic total bile acid levels were measured in fasted chow-fed mice. Higher liver bile acid levels were found in both female (Fig. 1A) and male (Fig. 6D) KO mice. Serum bile acid levels were two-fold higher in KO mice of both sexes (Figs. 1B and 6C). Serum total bilirubin levels were similar in the two strains (Fig. 1C). Selumetinib concentration Serum direct bilirubin (Fig. 1D) and alkaline phosphatase (data not shown) levels were not significantly different (P = 0.07 for both). Higher bile acid levels in KO mice may result from increased bile acid synthesis. Therefore, we measured expression levels of bile acid biosynthetic genes by RTPCR (Fig. 1E). Cytochrome P450 7a1 (Cyp7a1; cholesterol 7α-hydroxylase), the rate limiting enzyme in the classic pathway of bile acid synthesis, and cytochrome P450 27 (Cyp27; cholesterol 27-hydroxylase), the rate limiting enzyme of the alternate pathway of bile acid,

were significantly down-regulated in KO livers of both sexes. Expression of cytochrome P450

8b1 (Cyp8b1; sterol 12a-hydroxylase), important in the classic pathway, was lower in female KO mice (Fig. 1E) but not in male KO mice (data not shown). We conclude from these data that higher bile acid levels in KO mice did not result from increased bile acid biosynthesis. 上海皓元医药股份有限公司 To determine whether KO mice had a bile secretory defect, we measured bile flow rate after bile duct cannulation. KO mice had bile flow rate less than 50% of WT levels (P < 0.001) after adjusting for either body weight (Fig. 2A), or liver weight (data not shown). Excretion rates of all four major components of bile, namely total bile acids, total cholesterol, phospholipids, and total glutathione, were significantly lower in KO mice (Fig. 2B). Expression levels of bile salt export pump (BSEP or ABCB11), responsible for bile acid-dependent bile flow, and ATP-binding cassette subfamily C member 2 (ABCC2 or MRP2), responsible for bile acid-independent bile flow, were similar in WT and KO by RTPCR (Fig. 2C). Western blot analysis showed no difference in BSEP and modestly higher MRP2 levels in KO mice (Fig. 2D). Liver tumors with activating β-catenin mutations exhibit cholestasis and increased expression of the hepatic tight junction protein claudin-2.9, 10 We measured hepatic levels of claudin proteins by western blot analysis. Although no differences were found in claudin 1 and 3 levels, claudin-2 was nearly undetectable in KO livers (Fig.

Among IF >3 patients, at Week 104, HBV DNA was undetectable in 69.2% of LdT group vs 47.6% of LAM group (p<0.0001) and HBeAg loss was 41.7% of LdT vs 34.1% of LAM (p=0.232). In patients with moderate fibrosis to complete cirrhosis (IF>3-6), the LdT group exhibited a significantly greater improvement in eGFR compared to learn more LAM group (+6.14 (+8.02%) in LdT group vs. -4.96 ml/min/1.73m2 (-4.62%)

in LAM group; LS means, p<0.0001). In 80% of LdT-treated patients with baseline eGFR 60-90, eGFR improved to >90 by Week 104. LDT treatment was the major predictive determinant for eGFR shifts (For IF >3 patients odds ratio: 9.964, 95% CI: 4.309 to 23.049, p<0.001). Increasing age was also associated to likelihood of shifting from

eGFR insufficiency to normal (odds ratio: 0.926, p<0.001).Virologic response was not associated with improvement in eGFR. Conclusions: In patients with CHB and severe fibrosis or cirrhosis, two years of LdT treatment, but not LAM, resulted in a significant improvement in eGFR over baseline. LdT treatment and age were the only independent predictors for eGFR improvement (IF >3-6). Table: Renal Function Evolution in Patients with Baseline Ishak Fibrosis score ≧a3 and Baseline eGFR (MDRD formula) 60-90 mL/min/1.73 m2   eGF R at Week (ml/min) 104 % of patients with eGFR improvement at Week 104   <60(N) 60-90(N) >90(N) MK 2206 % (n/N) LdT (n = 69) 0 14 55 80% (55/69)* GPX6 LAM (n = 94) 4 55 35 37% (35/94)* *p<0.001 from Fischer exact test comparing improvement between 2 treatment groups Disclosures: Edward J. Gane-Advisory Committees or Review Panels: Roche, AbbVie, Novar-tis, Tibotec, Gilead Sciences, Janssen Cilag, Vertex, Achillion; Speaking and Teaching: Novartis, Gilead Sciences, Roche Yun -Fan

Liaw – Advisory Committees or Review Panels: Bristol-Myers Squibb, Roche, Gilead Sciences, Novartis; Grant/Research Support: Bristol-Myers Squibb, Roche, Gilead Sciences, Novartis Ching-Lung Lai – Advisory Committees or Review Panels: Bristol-Myers Squibb, Gilead Sciences, Inc; Consulting: Bristol-Myers Squibb, Gilead Sciences, Inc; Speaking and Teaching: Bristol-Myers Squibb, Gilead Sciences, Inc, Novartis Pharmaceuticals (HK) Ltd Stefan Zeuzem – Consulting: Abbvie, Achillion Pharmaceuticals, Boehringer Ingel-heim GmbH, Bristol-Myers Squibb Co., Gilead, Novartis Pharmaceuticals, Merck & Co., Idenix, Janssen, Roche Pharma AG, Vertex Pharmaceuticals, Presidio, Santaris, Inc Henry Lik-Yuen Chan – Advisory Committees or Review Panels: Gilead, Vertex, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Abbott, Novartis Pharmaceutical, Roche, MSD George V.