“
“Purpose: We reviewed the epidemiological literature on the association THZ1 ic50 of obesity and urinary incontinence, and summarized clinical trial data on the effect of weight loss on urinary

incontinence.

Materials and Methods: We systematically searched for published community based prevalence studies with bivariate or multivariate analysis of the association of urinary incontinence and overweight/obesity in women. Case series and randomized controlled trials of the effect of surgical, behavioral and. pharmacological weight loss on urinary incontinence are summarized.

Results: Epidemiological studies showed that obesity is a strong independent risk factor for prevalent and incident urinary incontinence. There was a clear dose-response effect of weight on urinary incontinence with each 5-unit increase in body mass index associated with about a 20% to 70% increase in the urinary incontinence risk, and the maximum effect of weight rarely exceeded an OR of greater than 4 to 5 on well controlled analyses. The odds of incident urinary incontinence during 5 to 10 years increased by approximately 30% to 60% for each 5-unit increase in body mass index. There may be a stronger association of increasing weight with prevalent and incident stress incontinence, including mixed incontinence, than with urge incontinence and overactive bladder syndrome. Weight

loss studies indicated that surgical and nonsurgical Dibutyryl-cAMP supplier weight loss led to significant improvements in urinary incontinence symptoms.

Conclusions: Epidemiological studies document overweight and obesity as important risk factors for urinary incontinence. Weight loss by surgical and more conservative approaches is effective to decrease urinary incontinence symptoms and should be strongly considered a first line treatment in this patient population.”
“Migraine is a common, multisymptom disorder that can severely impact the daily activities of migraineurs. Triptans (primarily sumatriptan) are the

most commonly prescribed treatment for migraine and are considered a relatively safe and effective initial therapy. Unfortunately, current sumatriptan formulations (i.e., oral, nasal, subcutaneous) may be associated with limitations that can result in patients’ delaying or avoiding treatment. For oral formulations, these limitations Thiamet G include difficulty in taking an oral medication due to the nausea and vomiting that often accompany migraine, and inconsistent absorption, whereas nasal and subcutaneous formulations may be associated with low bioavailability and an undesirable rate of adverse events, respectively. An alternative to current formulations is transdermal drug delivery, particularly iontophoresis. Transdermal delivery has several advantages over current formulations, including avoidance of the gastrointestinal tract, controlled and sustained delivery, and convenient administration.

Furthermore, in fentanyl-treated animals, lower stimulus strengths were required to elicit subthreshold excitatory responses of the same amplitude suggesting that acute exposure to fentanyl increases susceptibility of pyramidal neurons to presynaptic stimulation. GABA immunohistochemistry revealed lower GABA content in processes and neuronal somata suggesting diminished GABA release onto pyramidal neurons. We conclude that acute in vivo exposure to fentanyl is sufficient to induce long-lasting reduction in GABA-mediated transmission, rather, than

enhanced excitatory transmission selleck kinase inhibitor or modulation of the intrinsic excitability of pyramidal neurons. These findings provide evidence regarding the mechanisms involved Selleckchem Etomoxir in the early stages of tolerance development towards the analgesic effects of opioids. (C) 2008 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“Objective: Treatment of ischemic mitral regurgitation accompanied by strong tethering remains a challenge. Undersized ring annuloplasty is frequently associated with residual/recurrent mitral regurgitation caused by mitral-leaflet tethering. Although chordal cutting is a simple procedure for repairing severe tethering of the anterior

mitral leaflet, it often affects mitral valvular-ventricular continuity. In this study, using 3-dimensional echocardiography, we investigated the effects of “”chordal translocation” on the geometry of the mitral components in a canine model of acute ischemic mitral regurgitation.

Methods: Piperacetam In 6 mongrel dogs, under cardiopulmonary bypass with cardiac arrest, artificial chordae were implanted to each papillary-muscle tip and passed through the midseptal annulus to an external tourniquet to control the tension of the stitch thereafter. Subsequently, secondary chordae were cut near their point of attachment to the anterior leaflet. After weaning from cardiopulmonary bypass, acute ischemic mitral regurgitation was induced by ligating the obtuse marginal branches. We obtained data in 2 states of the artificial chordae: relaxation

(simulating chordal cutting) and gentle traction (simulating chordal translocation).

Results: In the chordal translocation state versus the chordal cutting state, the left ventricle ejection fraction (42.6% +/- 2.9% vs 33.2% +/- 2.3%, P < .0001), preload recruitable stroke work (54.8 +/- 2.7 mm Hg vs 34.1 +/- 2.2 mm Hg, P = .0002), and end-systolic elastance (6.7 +/- 0.5 mm Hg/mL vs 4.2 +/- 0.2 mm Hg/mL, P = .0013) improved markedly. The mitral-valve tethering volume, defined as the volume enclosed by the mitral annulus and 2 leaflets, was smaller in the chordal translocation state than in the chordal cutting state (812 +/- 88 mm(3) vs 1213 +/- 41 mm(3), P = .03). In the chordal translocation state (CT-1 and CT-2) versus the chordal cutting state, the posterior mitral-leaflet tethering area (15.7 +/- 0.7 mm(2) vs 25.1 +/- 1.2 mm(2), P < .0001 for CT-1 and 15.0 +/- 0.7 mm(2) vs 25.

Although we observed an overall increase in apoptosis

in cystic kidneys, there was no difference between proximal or distal nephron segments. We also found increased cyclic AMP, aquaporin learn more 2 and vasopressin type 2 receptor mRNA levels, and apical membrane translocation of aquaporin 2 in cystic kidneys, all of which may contribute to the differential cyst growth rate observed. The accelerated polycystic kidney phenotype of these mice provides an excellent model for studying molecular pathways of cystogenesis and to test therapeutic strategies.”
“Voltage-gated potassium (Kv) channels are important and diverse determinants of neuronal excitability and exhibit specific expression patterns throughout the brain. Among Kv channels, Kv4 channels are major determinants of somatodendritic A-type current and are essential in controlling the amplitude of backpropagating action potentials (IBAPs) into neuronal dendrites. BAPs have been well studied in a variety of neurons, and have been recently described in hippocampal and cortical interneurons, 5-Fluoracil in vitro a heterogeneous population of GABAergic inhibitory cells that regulate activity of principal cells and neuronal networks. We used well-characterized mouse monoclonal antibodies against the Kv4.3 and potassium channel interacting protein (KChIP) 1 subunits of A-type Kv channels,

and antibodies against different interneuron markers in single- and double-label immunohistochemistry experiments to analyze the expression

patterns of Kv4.3 and KChIP1 in hippocampal Ammon’s horn (CAI) neurons. Immunohistochemistry was performed on 40 pm rat brain sections using nickel-enhanced diaminobenzidine staining or multiple-label immunofluorescence. Our results show that Kv4.3 and KChIP1 component subunits Endodeoxyribonuclease of A-type channels are co-localized in the soma and dendrites of a large number of GABAergic hippocampal interneurons. These subunits co-localize extensively but not completely with markers defining the four major interneuron subpopulations tested (parvalbumin, calbindin, calretinin, and somatostatin). These results suggest that CAI hippocampal interneurons can be divided in two groups according to the expression of Kv4.3/KChIP1 channel subunits. Antibodies against Kv4.3 and KChIP1 represent an important new tool for identifying a subpopulation of hippocampal interneurons with a unique dendritic A-type channel complement and ability to control BAPs. (C) 2008 IBRO. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“Inflammation and chronic kidney disease predict cardiovascular events. Here we evaluated markers of inflammation including fibrinogen, albumin and white blood cell count in individuals with and without stages 3-4 chronic kidney disease to assess inflammation as a risk factor for adverse events, the synergy between inflammation and chronic kidney disease, and the prognostic ability of these inflammatory markers relative to that of C-reactive protein.

Evoked potential in the mPFC was enhanced following extinction retrieval, accompanied by reduced freezing behavior. This synaptic facilitation (i.e. a long-term potentiation [LTP]-like response) did not occur; rather synaptic inhibition was observed in the 3W-FS group, accompanied by sustained freezing. The behavioral buy GSK923295 deficit and synaptic inhibition observed in the 3W-FS group were time-dependently ameliorated by the partial N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor agonist D-cycloserine (15 mg/kg, i.p.). These findings suggest that the LTP-like response in the hippocampal-mPFC pathway is associated with extinction retrieval of context-dependent fear memory. Early

postnatal stress appears to induce neurodevelopmental dysfunction of this neural circuit and lead to impaired fear extinction later in life. The present data indicate that psychotherapy accompanied by pharmacological interventions that accelerate and strengthen GSK J4 manufacturer extinction,

such as D-cycloserine treatment, may have therapeutic potential for the treatment of anxiety disorders, including post-traumatic stress disorder. (C) 2010 IBRO. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“Objectives: Cardiac arrest during cardiac surgery is most commonly induced by cold blood or cold crystalloid cardioplegia. The results from clinical studies are divergent regarding which of the 2 solutions provides better myocardial protection. This might be explained by several factors. Both heterogeneity in disease for the included patients and the fact that most studies are retrospective in design and that patients Dolichyl-phosphate-mannose-protein mannosyltransferase with coronary artery disease with different degrees of myocardial ischemia are included might explain these findings. To circumvent these potentially confounding factors, we included in a prospective randomized study only patients undergoing aortic valve replacement for aortic stenosis without other significant cardiac disease. Patients were randomized to antegrade cold crystalloid or cold blood cardioplegia.

Methods: Eighty patients with aortic stenosis undergoing aortic valve replacement without significant coronary artery stenosis or other

significant concomitant heart valve disease were included in the study. They were randomized to either antegrade cold blood or cold crystalloid cardioplegic solution delivered through the coronary ostia every 20 minutes throughout the period of aortic crossclamping. Maximum postoperative creatine kinase isoenzyme MB and troponin-T levels, well-established markers of myocardial damage, were compared between the 2 groups.

Results: Both maximum postoperative creatine kinase isoenzyme MB and troponin-T levels were significantly higher by approximately 100% in the cohort of patients receiving crystalloid compared with blood cardioplegia. Only in the group of patients receiving cold crystalloid cardioplegia was there a positive correlation between cardiac enzyme levels and crossclamp time.

Our study shows, for the first time, activation of ERK 1/2 in the spinal cord matching the time course of an estrogen-dependent chronic hyperalgesic state. (C) 2011 IBRO. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“Objective: Since 1989, data have been reported to the Society of Thoracic Surgeons National Adult Cardiac Surgery Database for quality improvement. This information is also data mined for national quality indicators, policy initiatives, and research. Such use has important limitations, because data elements cannot be verified for

accuracy. We determined variability of disease etiology and operative data database elements when abstracted by untrained physician abstractors.

Methods: We selected 30 patients who underwent cardiovascular surgery from January to December 2005 (10 each of coronary artery bypass grafting, mitral valve repairs, and aortic valve and associated aortic procedures). Four abstractors (2 cardiothoracic residents and 2 fellows) abstracted 28 variables. Results were compared with abstraction performed by a professional abstractor.

Results: Median percentage agreement among all

cases was 89%(range, 42%-100%). 2 Agreements were 94% (28%-100%) for mitral valve, 84%(48%-100%) for aortic valve, and 93%(35%-100%) for coronary artery bypass grafting. Among the aortic valve group, etiology of aortic valve disease had poor agreement (68%) because of cases in which multiple

definitions could apply. Degree of valvular regurgitation also had poor agreement (median, 67%; range, 28%-95%). Number of internal thoracic artery grafts and absence of significant valvular disease were reported consistently. Agreements between types of aortic valve procedure and between methods of mitral valve repair (65% and 83%, respectively) were less than expected.

Conclusions: We found variable agreement among untrained data abstractors. This has important implications regarding interpretation of database studies with de-identified data. Without good quality control and consistent standardized definitions, aggregate data in clinical databases may be suspect. (J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2010;140:267-73)”
“Neurons in the medial vestibular nucleus (MVN) show a wide range of axonal projection pathways, intrinsic firing properties, and responses to head movements. To determine whether MVN neurons participating in the vestibulocular reflexes (VOR) have distinctive electrophysiological properties related to their output pathways, a new preparation was devised using transverse brain slices containing the chicken MVN and abducens nucleus. Biocytin Alexa Fluor was injected extracellularly into the abducens nucleus so that MVN neurons whose axons projected to the ipsilateral (MVN/ABi) and contralateral (MVN/ABc) abducens nuclei were labeled selectively.

These derive from viral dsRNA replication intermediates, incorporate into AGO2, are eliminated in Dicer knockout cells, and decrease in abundance upon cell differentiation. Furthermore, genetically

ablating a NoV-encoded VSR that antagonizes DICER during authentic infections reduces NoV accumulation, which is rescued in RNAi-deficient mouse cells. We conclude that antiviral RNAi operates in mammalian cells.”
“Regulator of telomere length 1 (RTEL1) is an essential DNA helicase that disassembles telomere loops (T loops) and suppresses telomere fragility to maintain the integrity of chromosome ends. We established that RTEL1 also associates with the replisome through binding to proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA). Mouse cells disrupted for the RTEL1-PCNA interaction (PIP mutant) exhibited accelerated senescence, replication fork instability, reduced replication fork extension

Torin 1 cost rates, and increased origin usage. Although T-loop disassembly Selleckchem CYC202 at telomeres was unaffected in the mutant cells, telomere replication was compromised, leading to fragile sites at telomeres. RTEL1-PIP mutant mice were viable, but loss of the RTEL1-PCNA interaction accelerated the onset of tumorigenesis in p53-deficient mice. We propose that RTEL1 plays a critical role in both telomere and genome-wide replication, which is crucial for genetic stability and tumor avoidance.”
“An avian-origin human-infecting influenza (H7N9) virus was recently identified in China. We have evaluated the viral hemagglutinin (HA) receptor-binding properties of two human H7N9 isolates, A/Shanghai/1/2013 (SH-H7N9) (containing the avian-signature residue Gln(226)) and A/Anhui/1/2013 (AH-H7N9) (containing the mammalian-signature residue Leu(226)). We found that SH-H7N9 Paclitaxel datasheet HA preferentially

binds the avian receptor analog, whereas AH-H7N9 HA binds both avian and human receptor analogs. Furthermore, an AH-H7N9 mutant HA (Leu(226) -> Gln) was found to exhibit dual receptor-binding property, indicating that other amino acid substitutions contribute to the receptor-binding switch. The structures of SH-H7N9 HA, AH-H7N9 HA, and its mutant in complex with either avian or human receptor analogs show how AH-H7N9 can bind human receptors while still retaining the avian receptor-binding property.”
“Human activities have increased the availability of reactive nitrogen in many ecosystems, leading to negative impacts on human health, biodiversity, and water quality. Freshwater ecosystems, including lakes, streams, and wetlands, are a large global sink for reactive nitrogen, but factors that determine the efficacy of freshwater nitrogen removal rates are poorly known. Using a global lake data set, we show that the availability of phosphorus, a limiting nutrient, affects both annual nitrogen removal rate and efficiency. This result indicates that increased phosphorus inputs from human activities have stimulated nitrogen removal processes in many lakes.

7; P = 0.016), and delayed cerebral ischemia (AOR, 3.6; P = 0.01). Among cognitively impaired patients at 3 months, improvement at 1 year occurred in 34% and was associated with more than 12 years of education and the absence of fever higher than 38.6 degrees C during hospitalization

(P = 0.015). Patients with cognitive impairment at I year had worse concurrent QOL and less ability to perform instrumental and basic activities of daily living (all P < 0.001).

CONCLUSION: Global cognitive impairment affects more than 20% of subarachnoid hemorrhage survivors at 1 year, is predicted by fever, anemia treated with transfusion, and delayed cerebral ischemia, and adversely affects functional selleck chemical recovery and QOL.”
“The TREAT Asia (Therapeutics, Research, Education, and AIDS Training in Asia) Network is building capacity for Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type-1 (HIV-1) drug resistance testing in the region. The objective of the TREAT Asia Quality Assessment Scheme-designated TAQAS-is to standardize HIV-1 genotypic resistance testing (HIV genotyping) among laboratories to permit rigorous comparison of results from different clinics and testing centres. TAQAS has evaluated three panels of HIV-1-positive

plasma from clinical material or low-passage, culture supernatant for up to 10 Asian buy Wortmannin laboratories. Laboratory participants used their standard protocols to perform HIV genotyping. Assessment was in comparison to a target genotype derived from all participants and the reference laboratory’s result. Agreement between most participants at the edited nucleotide sequence level was high (>98%). Most participants performed to the reference laboratory standard in detection of drug resistance mutations (DRMs). However, there was variation else in the detection of nucleotide mixtures

(0-83%) and a significant correlation with the detection of DRMs (p<0.01). Interpretation of antiretroviral resistance showed similar to 70% agreement among participants when different interpretation systems were used but >90% agreement with a common interpretation system, within the Stanford University Drug Resistance Database. Using the principles of external quality assessment and a reference laboratory, TAQAS has demonstrated high quality HIV genotyping results from Asian laboratories. (C) 2009 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.”
“OBJECTIVE: The effectiveness and limitations of spinal radiosurgery using a helical TomoTherapy system for the treatment of spinal metastases are reviewed in this article.

METHODS: This is a retrospective review of patients who underwent stereotactic radiosurgery for spinal metastases between July 2004 and December 2007. Radiographic follow-up consisted of magnetic resonance imaging to assess tumor growth control as well as pre- and posttreatment x-rays, which were used to measure changes in segmental angulation and deformity.

Frequently, SPWs are generated in bursts or clusters of several consecutive events forming discrete episodes of activity, a hitherto unexplored feature of this prominent hippocampal network activity. In the present study, using rat ventral hippocampal slices, we show that clusters of SPWs consist

of two to four consecutive events occurring at a frequency of similar to 10 Hz (range, 7-14 Hz). Similarly to the first (primary) event in a cluster the following (secondary) SPWs correspond to inhibitory postsynaptic potentials in CA1 pyramidal cells. Furthermore, the initiation of secondary SPWs in the 23% of cells coincides with postinhibitory rebound excitation. Antagonists of NMDA receptors reversibly abolish secondary but not primary SPWs suggesting that their generation depend on the activation of NMDA receptors. Furthermore, the generation of clusters of selleck products SPWs is very sensitive to moderate

pharmacological reduction or enhancement of the GABA (A) receptor-mediated transmission suggesting that precise levels of GABAergic transmission are required MS-275 in vitro for the clustered generation of SPWs. In addition, enhancement of GABA (A) receptor-mediated transmission affects the timing of secondary SPWs initiation. Trains of high-frequency (100 Hz) or theta burst stimulation at the Schaffer collaterals that induce long-term potentiation of the evoked field response enhance the incidence of SPWs’ clusters and the amplitude of the primary SPWs. We propose that sequential similar to 10 Hz clustered activation of the

local hippocampal circuit occurring under the dynamics of SPWs and depending on NMDA receptors Thiamine-diphosphate kinase and an accurate level of GABAergic synaptic transmission is an essential pattern of precisely controlled network activity involved in synaptic plasticity processes with potential implications in mnemonic functions. (C) 2010 IBRO. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“A pandemic caused by a novel influenza A virus (H1N1) poses a serious public health threat. In this study, a real-time reverse transcriptase PCR (RT-PCR) assay based on the hemagglutinin gene was developed that discriminates the novel H1N1 from swine influenza virus, seasonal H1N1/H3N2 virus and the highly pathogenic H5N1 avian influenza virus. The sensitivity of this assay was 0.2 50% tissue culture infective dose of virus and 200 copies of in vitro-transcribed target RNA. Three hundred and forty-eight clinical specimens from suspected H1N1 patients were tested using this assay, and forty-two (12.07%) were found to be positive. Tests using the real-time PCR assay recommended by WHO and virus isolation gave identical results. This sensitive and specific real-time RT-PCR assay will contribute to the early diagnosis and control of the emerging H1N1 influenza pandemic. (C) 2009 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.”
“Prolonged seizures (status epilepticus) can activate apoptosis-associated signaling pathways.

Pathway and expression analysis tools employ web services to provide ID mapping, pathway assignment and over-representation analysis of user-supplied data sets. By applying Ensembl Compara to curated human proteins and reactions, Reactome

generates pathway inferences for 20 other species. The Species Comparison tool provides a summary of results for each of these species as a table showing numbers of orthologous proteins found by pathway from which users can navigate to inferred details for specific proteins and reactions. Reactome’s diverse pathway knowledge and suite of data analysis tools provide a platform for data mining, modeling and analysis of large-scale proteomics data sets. This Tutorial is part of the International Proteomics Tutorial Programme (IPTP 8).”
“Adiponectin is a multifunctional cytokine MK-1775 purchase that has a role in regulating inflammation. Here we determined whether adiponectin modulates ischemic acute kidney injury. Compared SN-38 order with wild-type mice, adiponectin-knockout mice were found to have lower serum creatinine and less tubular damage or apoptosis following ischemia/reperfusion injury. This latter process was associated with decreased Bax and reduced activation of p53 and caspase-3. Targeted

disruption of adiponectin was also found to inhibit the infiltration of neutrophils, macrophages, and T cells into the injured kidneys.

This was associated with inhibition of NF-kappa B activation and reduced expression of the proinflammatory molecules IL-6, TNF-alpha, MCP-1, and MIP-2 in the kidney after ischemia/reperfusion injury. Wild-type mice engrafted Mannose-binding protein-associated serine protease with adiponectin-null bone marrow had less kidney dysfunction and tubular damage than adiponectin-null mice engrafted with wild-type bone marrow. Conversely, adiponectin-null mice engrafted with wild-type bone marrow had similar renal dysfunction and tubular damage compared with wild-type mice engrafted with wild-type bone marrow. In cultured macrophages, adiponectin directly promoted macrophage migration: a process blocked by the PI3 kinase inhibitor, LY294002. Thus, our results show that adiponectin has a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of acute renal ischemia/ reperfusion injury and may be a potential therapeutic target. Kidney International (2013) 83, 604-614; doi:10.1038/ki.2012.408; published online 9 January 2013″
“This review covers progress in proteome research on Mycoplasma pneumoniae made over the last 5 years. This bacterium is one of the smallest known self-replicating bacteria. With fewer than 700 proposed proteins, it is well suited to a comprehensive proteome analysis. While all of the proposed genes are transcribed, thus far 620 proteins, about 90% of the predicted proteome, have been identified experimentally.

Randomisation was Thiazovivin by computer-generated blocks with stratification according to Centre. Patients with a high clinical probability according to the revised Geneva score and a negative work-up for pulmonary embolism were further investigated in both groups. The primary outcome was the 3-month thromboembolic risk in patients who were left untreated on the basis of the exclusion of pulmonary embolism by diagnostic strategy. Clinicians assessing outcome were blinded to group assignment. Analysis was per protocol. This study is registered with

ClinicalTrials.gov, number NCT00117169.

Findings The prevalence of pulmonary embolism was 20.6% in both groups (189 cases in DD-US-CT group and 186 in DD-CT group). We analysed 855 patients in the DD-US-CT group and 838 in the DD-CT group per protocol. The 3-month thromboembolic risk was 0 . 3% (95% Cl 0 . 1-1 . 1) in the DD-US-CT group and 0 – 3% (0.1-1.2) in the DD-CT group (difference 0 . 0% [-0 . 9 to 0 . 8]). In the DD-US-CT group, ultrasonography showed a deep-venous thrombosis in 53 (9% [7-12]) of 574 patients, and thus MSCT was not undertaken.

Interpretation The strategy combining D-dimer and MSCT is as safe as the strategy using D-dimer followed by venous compression ultrasonography of the leg and MSCT for exclusion of pulmonary embolism. An ultrasound

could be of use in patients with a contraindication to CT.

Funding Swiss National Research Foundation, Projets Hospitaliers de Recherche Clinique (France), Pneumologie Developpement (France).”
“Background Intracoronary stenting Histone Methyltransferase inhibitor can improve procedural success and reduce restenosis compared with balloon angioplasty in patients with acute coronary syndromes, but can also increase the rate of thrombotic complications including stent thrombosis. The TRITON-TIMI 38 trial has shown that prasugrel-a novel, potent thienopyridine-can reduce ischaemic events compared with standard clopidogrel therapy. We assessed the rate, outcomes, and prevention of ischaemic events in patients treated with

prasugrel or clopidogrel with stents in the TRITON-TIMI 38 study.

Methods patients with moderate-risk to high-risk coronary syndromes ware included in our analysis Thymidine kinase if they had received at least one coronary stent at the time of the index procedure following randomisation in TRITON-TIMI 38, and were further subdivided by type of stent received. Patients were randomly assigned in a 1 to 1 fashion to receive a loading dose of study drug (prasugrel 60 mg or clopidogrel 300 mg) as soon as possible after randomisation, followed by daily maintenance therapy (prasugrel 10 mg or clopidogrel 75 mg). All patients were to receive aspirin therapy. Treatment was to be continued for a minimum of 6 months and a maximum of 15 months. Randomisation was not stratified by stents used or stent type.