The dose was increased up to 200 U in case of no response. The patients kept a headache diary. In addition, we specifically asked on the effect of BTA on the frequency of disabling attacks, consumption of triptans and visits to Emergency for the treatment of severe attacks. This series comprises a total of 35 patients (3 males), aged 24-68 years. All except three met IHS criteria for analgesic overuse.

The number of sessions with BTA ranged from 2 to 15 (median 4) and nine (26%) responded (reduction of > 50% in headache days). However, the frequency of severe attacks was reduced to an average of 46%. Oral triptan consumption (29 patients) was reduced by 50% (from an average of 22 to 11 tablets/month). Those six patients who used subcutaneous sumatriptan reduced its consumption to a mean of 69% (from 4.5 to 1.5 injections per month). Emergency visits went CCI-779 datasheet from an average of 3 to 0.4 per trimester (-83%). Six patients complained of mild adverse events, transient local cervical pain being

the most common. Although our data must be taken with caution as this is an open trial, in clinical practice treatment of refractory CM with BTA selleck screening library reduces the frequency of disabling attacks, the consumption of triptans and the need of visits to Emergency, which makes this treatment a profitable option both clinically and pharmacoeconomically.”
“Objective. The aim of this study was to investigate the clinical characteristics of cluster headache (CH) in a neurology outpatient population in China. Methods. A cross-sectional survey was conducted from June to December 2011 in a tertiary care, university-affiliated

hospital. All consecutive patients citing headache as their chief complaint were asked to participate in a face-to-face interview with a qualified headache specialist and to complete a detailed self-administered questionnaire. The diagnosis of CH was made according to the International Classification of Headache Disorders, Second Edition (ICHD-II). Results. Of the 1,526 headache patients screened, 26 were diagnosed with CH (6 women, 20 men). Mean age at onset was 27 +/- 8 years (range, 17-47), and 50% of patients Selleck SN-38 were 20-30 years of age. Of the 26 CH patients, 61.5% reported that pain was usually centered at the right temporal region, and 69.2% characterized the pain as swelling. Attacks lasted 87 minutes on average and were associated with cranial autonomic symptoms (100%). A seasonal predilection was reported by 69.2% of CH patients. No patient reported significant changes in pain severity after physical activity. Tobacco use was common (14/26 patients), and alcohol was the most frequently cited trigger. Conclusions. This study details the clinical features of CH in a neurology outpatient population in China. Compared with Western studies, our patients were different in several aspects including the absence of chronic CH.

We present a case of severe EPN caused by Klebsiella pneumoniae, successfully managed with early PCD, and propose a step-up strategy aimed toward graft preservation.”
“Purpose:

The aim of this study was to assess the relationship between serum acute-phase proteins and high disease activity evaluated by activity score (DAS28) in patients with rheumatoid arthritis.

Material/Methods: Studies were carried out on 27 females with RA and 32 control women. Acute-phase proteins were divided into 4 fractions as follows: alpha 1-globulins represented by alpha 1-acid glycoprotein (AGP) and alpha 1-antitrypsin (AAT); alpha 2-globulins-haptoglobin (Hp); beta-globulins-complement C3 (C3) and total transferrin (Tf); gamma-globulins-C Entinostat mechanism of action reactive protein (CRP), rheumatoid factor (RF) and immunoglobulin G (IgG), and determined by

immunoturbidimetric methods.

Results: The serum levels of acute-phase proteins changed in RA patients. On account of the alterations of concentration, acute-phase proteins are placed in the downgrade scale as follows: CRP, Hp, AGP, C3, AAT and Tf. None of the acute-phase proteins correlated with the RF and the majority of them were closely related to ESR. Almost all of the acute-phase proteins (without C3) were closely related to RA activity (based on DAS28) and their places in the downgrade scale were as follows: CRP, Tf, AGP, Hp and AAT. The degree of disability evaluated by Health Assessment Questionnaire has Selleckchem Staurosporine affected on the concentrations of AGP, Tf and CRP. Serum AGP, AAT and RF levels significantly correlated with the patient’s age. No correlations were observed between IgG, TP levels, and clinical data.

Conclusions: Among the entire panel, the CRP and AGP appeared to be the most useful biochemical markers for evaluation of the disease activity of patients with RA.”
“Microsporidiosis is an opportunistic infection in organ transplant recipients and patients with other cellular immunodeficiency. Fumagillin is an effective treatment against Enterocytozoon bieneusi, one of the two main species causing the microsporidiosis involved in human diseases. We report the first case, to our knowledge, of a probable drug-induced

aseptic meningoencephalitis, after administration of fumagillin in a kidney transplant recipient with microsporidiosis.”
“Purpose: Biologically active vitamin D3 (VD) derivatives possess modulatory activities GS-9973 purchase on immunological and inflammatory responses which can be reflected by altered levels of pro-inflammatory chemokines. Nasal polyposis (NP), defined as a chronic inflammatory process of upper respiratory system, could be influenced by VD derivatives. The purpose of this study was to investigate the influence of 1 alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (calcitriol) and 1 alpha,24(R)-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (tacalcitol) on the secretion of IL-6 and IL-8 by fibroblasts derived from NP.

Material and Methods: The study involved 12 fibroblast cultures derived from NP samples obtained from surgically treated patients.

025). Thus, patients with ICH had a higher incidence of abnormal circadian characteristics of BP than patients with CI, the major differences www.selleckchem.com/products/Neratinib(HKI-272).html relating to a larger circadian amplitude of SBP, a smaller HR-SD, and a larger incidence of odd circadian acrophases of DBP. Journal of Human Hypertension (2010) 24, 165-174; doi:10.1038/jhh.2009.53; published online 2 July 2009″
“In this study, we fabricated a new hybrid adsorbent, titania-silica binary oxide (TiO2-SiO2)-polyacrylonitrile (PAN), by loading nanosized sol-gel-derived TiO2-SiO2 onto a porous PAN polymer for enhanced arsenite [As(III)] and arsenate [As(V)] species removal from aqueous media. The resulting sorbent was characterized by thermogravimetric analysis, scanning

electron microscopy, X-ray powder diffraction, IR spectroscopy, CP-456773 and porosity measurements. The sorption process for the removal of As(V) and As(III) was assessed with various parameters, including the effects of the pH, contact time, temperature, and existence of foreign competing

ions. We found that the adsorption of As(III) and As(V) species onto TiO2-SiO2-PAN was dependent on the pH of solution, and it could be well represented by the Langmuir and Dubinin-Radushkevich isotherm models. The prepared hybrid adsorbent exhibited highly selective arsenic retention from water in the presence of Cl-, NO3-, NO2-, SO42-, and SO32- anions at much greater levels than those toxic metals examined. The values of the standard free energy, enthalpy, and entropy proved that the sorption of As(V) and As(III) species onto the hybrid adsorbent TiO2-SiO2-PAN was an endothermic and spontaneous

process. All of the results validated the feasibility of TiO2-SiO2-PAN for the highly effective removal of As(V) and As(III) from contaminated waters. SN-38 chemical structure (C) 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 119: 3495-3503, 2011″
“The micromechanisms related to ductile failure during dynamic loading of nanocrystalline Cu are investigated in a series of large-scale molecular dynamics simulations. Void nucleation, growth, and coalescence is studied for a nanocrystalline Cu system with an average grain size of 6 nm under conditions of impact of a shock piston with velocities of 250, 500, 750, and 1000 m/s and compared to that observed in single crystal copper. Higher impact velocities result in higher strain rates and higher values of spall strengths for the metal as well as nucleation of larger number of voids in smaller times. For the same impact velocity, the spall strength of the nanocrystalline metal, however, is lower than that for single crystal copper. The results obtained for void nucleation and growth in nanocrystalline Cu for various impact velocities and for single crystal copper [001] suggests two distinct stages of evolution of voids. The first stage (I) corresponds to the fast nucleation of voids followed by the second stage (II) attributed to growth and coalescence of voids.

The floating lag time and floating duration were also evaluated. Release profile

of the prepared tablets was performed and analyzed. Furthermore, a stability study of the floating tablets was carried out at three different temperatures over 12 weeks. Finally, in vivo bioavailability study was done on human volunteers. All tablet formulas achieved < 0.5 min of floating lag time, more than 12 h of floating duration, and extended t(1/2). The drug release in all formulas followed zero-order kinetics. T4 and T8 tablets contained the least polymer concentration and complied with the dissolution requirements for controlled-release dosage forms. These two formulas were selected for further stability studies. T8 exhibited longer expiration date and was chosen for in vivo studies. T8 floating tablets showed an improvement in the drug bioavailability compared to immediate-release tablets (Vastrel buy CA4P (R) 20 mg).”
“Study

Design. Kinematics of the cervical spine during head rotation was investigated using 3-dimensional (3D) magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in patients with cervical spondylosis (CS).

Objective. To demonstrate in vivo 3D kinematics of the spondylotic cervical spine during head rotation.

Summary of Background Data. Several in vivo studies have identified kinematic differences between normal and spondylotic subjects, but only two-dimensional flexion/extension motion selleck compound has been investigated. Differences of in vivo 3D cervical motion during head rotation between normal and spondylotic learn more subjects have yet to be clarified.

Methods. Ten healthy volunteers (control group) and 15 patients with CS (CS group) underwent 3D MRI of the cervical spine with the head rotated to 5 positions (neutral, +/- 45 degrees and +/- maximal head rotation). Relative motions of the cervical spine were calculated by automatically

superimposing a segmented 3D MRI of the vertebra in the neutral position over images for each position using volume registration. The 3D motions of adjacent vertebra were represented with 6 degrees of freedom by Euler angles and translations on the coordinate system.

Results. Compared with the control group, the CS group showed significantly decreased mean axial rotation and mean coupled lateral bending at C5-C6 and C6-C7 and significantly increased mean coupled lateral bending at C2-C3 and C3-C4, although both the groups showed the same pattern of coupled motions.

Conclusion. The in vivo 3D kinematics of the spondylotic cervical spine during head rotation was accurately depicted and compared with those of healthy cervical spines for the first time.”
“The study investigated the formulation effects of laurocapram and iminosulfurane derived penetration modifiers on human stratum corneum using thermal and spectral analyses.

0) months, (p = 0.06, NS).

Conclusion: CRS-HIPEC procedures for peritoneal carcinomatosis in the elderly demonstrate comparable perioperative outcome in well-selected patients. Optimal cytoreduction was achieved in the majority of cases and survival was not significantly different from that of the younger group. (c) 2013 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“The reaction of rigid poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) with iodide, hydroxide, azide, and thiocyanate

as nucleophiles (Nu) in ethylene glycol (EG) resulted in the substitution of Cl by No additional to the elimination of HCl, leading to the PXD101 solubility dmso dehydrochlorination of the rigid PVC. High substitution rates were observed for hydroxide, azide and thiocyanate, while the addition of iodide accelerated predominately the elimination of HCl. The substitution by thiocyanate resulted at 150 degrees C in both thiocyanate and is othiocyanate structures, whereas at 190 degrees C, only isothiocyanate

was observed in the polymer. The dehydrochlorination yield increased with an increasing molar SCN/Cl ratio, resulting in a maximum substitution at high molar SCN/Cl ratios. When EG was replaced by diethylene glycol (DEG) as solvent, the dehydrochlorination was found to be accelerated. It was assumed that DEG has a higher compatibility with PVC, making it easier to penetrate the rigid PVC particle. For triethylene glycol (TEG), the rapid dehydrochlorination resulted probably in the coverage of the surface of the PVC particle by methyl methacrylate/butadiene/styrene (MBS), preventing the penetration by the solution. The substitution/dehydrochlorination check details ratio decreased in the order of EG > DEG > TEG because of the declining polarity of the solvent, stabilizing the activated S(N)2 complex. (C) 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 116: 36-44, 2010″
“Study Design. Retrospective study.

Objective. Compare outcomes of different treatment methods for intraspinal synovial cysts.

Summary of Background Data. Intraspinal synovial cysts are PU-H71 clinical trial cited as an increasing cause of back pain and radiculopathy. To date, few studies have compared outcomes of differing

treatment methods in patients with synovial cysts.

Methods. We retrospectively reviewed 167 consecutive patients undergoing surgical management of 195 symptomatic synovial cysts at a single institution over 19 years. The incidence of postoperative mechanical back pain, radiculopathy, and cyst recurrence was compared between patients undergoing unilateral hemilaminectomy (n = 51), bilateral laminectomy (n = 39), facetectomy with in situ fusion (n = 18), and facetectomy with instrumented fusion (n = 56).

Results. A total of 155 (97.5%) patients presented with radiculopathy, 132(82.5%) with mechanical back pain, 31 (20%) with neurogenic claudication, and 5 (3.2%) with bladder dysfunction. Most cysts occurred in the lumbar spine. After surgery, back and radicular pain improved in 91.6% and 91.9% patients, respectively.

Changes of GSNOR activity click here after exposure to different abiotic stress conditions, including low and high temperature, continuous dark and de-etiolation, and mechanical injury, were investigated in important agricultural plants. Significantly higher GSNOR activity was found under normal conditions in leaves of Cucumis spp. genotype sensitive to biotrophic pathogen Golovinomyces cichoracearum. GSNOR activity was generally increased in all studied plants by all types of stress conditions. Strong down-regulation of GSNOR was observed in hypocotyls of etiolated pea plants, which did not recover to values of

green plants even 168 h after the transfer of etiolated plants to normal light regime. These results point to important role of GSNOR during normal plant development BGJ398 mw and in plant responses to several types of abiotic stress conditions.”
“OBJECTIVE: To estimate changes in high-risk women’s knowledge of cervical cancer prevention, human papillomavirus (HPV), and HPV vaccination since introduction and marketing of HPV vaccines.

METHODS: At study visits in 2007 and 2008-2009, women with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and at-risk comparison women in a multicenter U.S. cohort study completed 44-item self-report questionnaires exploring

their knowledge of cervical cancer prevention, HPV, and HPV vaccination. Results from 2007 were compared with those obtained in 2008-2009. Knowledge scores were correlated with demographic variables, measures of education and attention, and medical factors. Significant associations were assessed in multivariable models.

RESULTS: HIV-seropositive women

had higher knowledge scores than seronegative women at baseline (13.2 +/- 5.7 compared with 11.8 +/- 6.0, P<.001) and follow-up (14.1 +/- 5.3 compared with 13.2 +/- 5.5, P=.01), but the change in scores was similar (0.9 +/- 5.3 compared with see more 1.5 +/- 5.5, P=.13). Knowledge that cervical cancer is caused by a virus rose significantly (P=.005), but only to 24%. Belief that cervical cancer is preventable only rose from 52% to 55% (P=.04), but more than 90% of women in both periods believed regular Pap testing was important. In analysis of covariance models, higher baseline score, younger age, higher education level, higher income, and former-as opposed to never-drug users, but not HIV status, were associated with improved knowledge.

CONCLUSION: High-risk women’s understanding of cervical cancer and HPV has improved, but gaps remain. Improvement has been weakest for less educated and lower-income women. (Obstet Gynecol 2010;116:941-7)”
“The article is a review of information concerning etiopathogenesis of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Due to the risk of serious complications, including death, the clarification of etiology could result in substantial improvement or even complete cure of the disease.

The full relativistic treatment improves calculation of the magnetic moment. In Dy2Fe14B, the total magnetic moment is 12.75 mu(B)/f.u., which is in good agreement with experimental data, 11.3 mu(B)/f.u. The magnetic moment calculation obtained by using LCPAO is suitable for large-scale systems with rare-earth elements. (C) 2009 American Institute of Physics. [DOI: 10.1063/1.3068458]“
“The manufacture Selleckchem Selisistat and use of radium in the early to mid-20th century within industrial, medicinal and recreational products have resulted in a large number of contaminated sites across a number of countries with notable examples in the USA and Europe. These sites, represent a significant

number of unregulated sources of potential radiological exposure that have collectively and hitherto not been well characterised. In 2007, the Radioactive Contaminated Land (RCL) Regulations came into force in the UK, providing the statutory guidance for regulators to classify and deal with RCL Here AZD8186 datasheet we report on results derived from digestion experiments to estimate committed effective dose, a key aspect of the RCL Regulations, from the ingestion of radium contaminated sources that can be found in the environment. This case study includes particles, clinker and artefacts that arise from past

military activities on a site that was once an airfield at Dalgety Bay on the Firth of Forth, UK. Since 2011 the number of radium contaminated finds has increased by one order of magnitude on the foreshore areas of Dalgety Quizartinib concentration Bay. The increase in finds may in large part be attributed to a change in monitoring practice. A subsample of sixty sources was selected, on the basis of their activity and dimensions, and subjected to digestion in simulated stomach and lower intestine solutions. The study demonstrated that more radium-226 (Ra-226) and lead-210 (Pb-210; driven by Polonium solubility) are dissolved from sources in artificial ‘stomach’ solutions compared with

‘lower intestine’ solutions. The combined ‘gut’ solubility for 226Ra and apparent Pb-210 varied from less than 1% to up to 35% ICRP 72 conversion factors were used to convert the activities measured in solution to committed effective dose. A little over 10% of the sources tested dissolved sufficient radioactivity to result in 100 mSv committed effective dose to an infant. Using the solubility of 35% as a worst case, minimum source activities necessary to deliver 100 mSv to the full age ranie of users of the foreshore were estimated. All the estimated activities have been detected and recovered through routine monitoring. (C) 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“Background: Synovial sarcoma is a soft tissue malignancy with a predilection for adolescents and young adults. Despite recent improvements in the understanding of its character and etiology, few therapeutic advances have been made. The mortality rate is high among the young population it affects.

Films deposited find more by pulsed laser deposition, dual cathode magnetron sputtering, and dual ion

beam sputtering have been investigated by means of x-ray diffraction in various geometries and scanning electron microscopy. We studied the effects of composition, energetic, and kinetics in the evolution of the microstructure and texture of the films. We obtain films with single and mixed texture as well as films with columnar “”zone-T”" and globular type morphology. The results have shown that the texture evolution of ternary transition metal nitrides as well as the microstructural features of such films can be well understood in the framework of the kinetic mechanisms proposed for their binary counterparts, thus giving these mechanisms a global application. (C) 2011 American Institute of Physics. [doi: 10.1063/1.3622585]“
“Purpose: Injectable implants used for soft-tissue

augmentation may lead to a granulomatous foreign-body reaction. The aim of this report is to present 7 new cases of foreign-body granulomas involving FDA-approved Drug Library the oral and perioral tissues, after injection of biomaterials to achieve soft-tissue augmentation. In addition, the clinical and epidemiological profile of this condition is summarized, based on a review of the English-language literature of all previously described cases.

Patients and Methods: We report on 7 new cases of granulomatous foreign-body reaction involving the oral and perioral tissues after the injection of biomaterials. A comprehensive literature review is also presented.

Results: The literature search revealed 49 cases of this condition affecting

the oral and perioral tissues. Our 7 patients were female, with a mean age of 52.8 years (range, 34 to 70 years). The lower lip was affected in 4 cases, 1 case was located in the upper lip, 1 case in the buccal mucosa, while 1 case involved 2 different Sites (upper lip and buccal mucosa). Histopathologic examination revealed numerous cells with clear, often multiple, cytoplasmic vacuoles, bearing a resemblance to lipoblasts. Immunohistochemistry Stattic cell line revealed diffuse positivity for the histiocytic marker CD68.

Conclusions: The diagnosis of granulomatous foreign-body reactions may be challenging because of their microscopic resemblance to liposarcoma, and because of the occasional reluctance of patients to report the previously performed esthetic procedure. A clinical history, histopathologic examination, and immunohistochemical analysis (as needed) are essential in achieving an accurate diagnosis. (C) 2009 American Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons”
“Crude extract of Juniperus excelsa (JeExt), which tested positive for the presence of anthraquinone, flavonoids, saponins, sterols, terpenes and tannin, exhibited a protective effect against castor oil-induced diarrhoea in mice at 100-1000 mg/kg. In rabbit jejunum preparations, JeExt (0.01-1.

Conclusions. SGA neonates with GA 24-31 weeks were at increased risk of development of CLD and of neonatal death compared with AGA neonates of the same GA.”
“Objective: This article was intended to introduce the Korean Surveillance System for Childhood Asthma (KSSCA) and also to determine the factors that increase the risk for the development of asthma and allergic diseases in preschool children in Korea based on the study results.

Methods: The KSSCA pilot study was a web-based, selleck cross-sectional survey that sampled 1002 parents with a biological child aged

2-6 years that visited the website and participated in the survey. This website consisted of a questionnaire designed to measure the history and prevalence of asthma and allergic diseases, the characteristics of dwelling, lifestyle, and the socioeconomic status of the subjects. Using logistic regression analysis, odds ratios (ORs) and

95% confidence intervals (CIs) between each risk factor and disease development were calculated.

Results: The rate of a family where a child had asthma was 7.4%, while 34.7% and 35.9% for allergic rhinitis and atopic dermatitis, respectively. The OR (95% CI) that a child whose parents had an allergic disease and was also diagnosed with an allergic disease was 2.86 (2.20-3.72). Children who lived in the first floor or basement of apartments had a higher risk of atopic dermatitis, as well as children from socioeconomically vulnerable families. Upon analysis of allergic reaction tests and disease development, it was found that asthma was associated https://www.selleckchem.com/products/p5091-p005091.html with the positive reaction of cockroaches and food, allergic rhinitis with mites, and atopic dermatitis with mold and food.

Conclusion: The study indicated that genetic and some environmental or socioeconomic factors might be important in the development of asthma and allergic diseases among preschool children in Korea through the web-survey.”
“Individuals learn more vary in their response to a treatment. Understanding this heterogeneity of treatment effect is critical for evaluating how well a treatment can be expected to work for an individual

or a subgroup of individuals. An overemphasis on hypothesis testing has resulted in a dichotomy of all heterogeneity of treatment effect analyses into confirmatory (hypothesis testing) and exploratory (hypothesis finding) analyses. This limited view of heterogeneity of treatment effect is inadequate for creating evidence that is useful for informing patient-centered decisions.

An expanded framework for heterogeneity of treatment effect assessment is proposed. It recognizes four distinct goals of heterogeneity of treatment effect analyses: hypothesis testing, hypothesis finding, reporting subgroup effects for meta-analysis, and individual-level prediction. Accordingly, two new types of heterogeneity of treatment effect analyses are proposed: descriptive and predictive.

(C) 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“Objectives: Discuss the tradeoffs inherent in choosing a local area size when using a measure of local area practice style as an instrument in instrumental variable estimation when assessing treatment effectiveness.

Study Design: Assess the effectiveness of angiotensin converting-enzyme inhibitors and angiotensin receptor blockers on survival after acute myocardial

infarction for Medicare beneficiaries using practice style instruments based CA3 manufacturer on different-sized local areas around patients. We contrasted treatment effect estimates using different local area sizes in terms of the strength of the relationship between local area practice styles and individual patient treatment choices; and indirect assessments of the assumption violations.

Results: Using smaller local areas to measure practice styles exploits more treatment variation and results in smaller standard errors. However, if treatment effects are heterogeneous, the use of smaller local areas may increase the risk that local practice style measures selleck chemicals llc are dominated by differences in average treatment effectiveness across areas and bias results toward greater effectiveness.

Conclusion: Local area practice style measures

can be useful instruments in instrumental variable analysis, but the use of smaller local area sizes to generate greater treatment variation may result in treatment effect estimates that are biased toward higher effectiveness. Assessment of whether ecological bias can be mitigated by changing local area size requires the use of outside data sources. (C) 2013 Elsevier Inc. All tights reserved.”
“A 16-year-old girl was referred to our center by her general physician because Linsitinib order of primary

amenorrhea. Her family history revealed an older sister with Swyer syndrome and gonadectomy at another institution. After thorough evaluation she received the same diagnosis, but unlike her sister, she refused gonadectomy. Four years later she presented with abdominal discomfort and a complex pelvic mass. She underwent exploratory laparotomy and histological examination revealed bilateral dysgerminoma without capsular invasion. The tumor was classified as stage IB. After surgery she underwent adjuvant chemotherapy with three cycles of BEP (bleomycin + etoposide + cisplatin). The present case emphasizes the importance of familial screening with a karyotype study in pure gonadal dysgenesis to prevent gonadal malignancy.”
“BACKGROUND: A comparative study of the influence of preparation variables in the activation of pine sawdust and peach stones with phosphoric acid is presented. Adsorptive properties of these materials were tested for the clarification of apple juice and the decolorization of red wine.