WHIIRS mean score of those whose BDI scores were 17 and over was

WHIIRS mean score of those whose BDI scores were 17 and over was found 10.7 �� 5.09, while it was 7.3 �� 4.63 for those whose BDI score was under 17. The difference was found to be statistically significant toward (P < 0.005). The difference between WHIIRS scores for those who used medicine (8.6 �� 4.85) and who did not (7.5 �� 5.06) was also found significant (P < 0.005). The present study shows that WHIIRS scores increase in parallel with the gestational week. WHIIRS mean scores of women with BMI of 25 and over (10.7 �� 5.09) were found significantly higher than those with BMI of under 25 (P < 0.05).No significant relationship was detected between WHIIRS scores and smoking and drinking tea or coffee (P < 0.05).

Table 4 presents the Backward Stepwise Logistic Regression analysis results in the model created according to bivariate analysis results which detected a significant relationship between depression probability and variables such as age, education level, BMI, BDI, existence of psychiatric disease, used medicine, and gestational trimester. Analysis results show that being in the third trimester (OR: 2.03), being 20 years old or older (OR: 2.19), and having BDI over 17 (OR: 2.63) were found to be prominent risk factors for insomnia.Table 4Advanced analysis of the risk factors associated with insomnia in pregnant women*.4. DiscussionAverage sleep duration of the pregnant women in this study is 7.7 �� 2.26h. Sleep experts indicate that quality of sleep is more important than its duration [20].

Despite the fact that average daily sleep duration of the pregnant women in this study was found to be in normal standards, more than half of the participants reported to have insomnia, which indicates their low quality of sleep. Lee et al. (2000) found an increase in the sleep duration, but a decrease in sleep quality in the AV-951 first trimester [21]. Findings of this study are compatible with those in the literature.The present study found that sleep duration decreased with the increase in the gestational trimester, and there was an increase in the WHIIRS mean scores of the participants. Logistic regression results show that the risk of developing insomnia in those in the third trimester is 2.03 times more than those in other trimesters. Lee (1999) found that women in the third gestational week had sleep problems two times more than before [22]. The related literature shows that insomnia is more common in the third trimester when the problems actually result from physical and psychosocial changes [8, 12, 23�C25]. Besides, the reasons for insomnia detected in this study (frequent visits to the toilet, not finding a comfortable position while sleeping, and restless legs) were more common in the last trimester [8, 26, 27].

However, affected by rainfall distribution and catchments types,

However, affected by rainfall distribution and catchments types, EMC of urban runoff is significantly variable in each event or in each catchment [22]. Then, average EMC (AEMC) was put forward to predict the overall runoff quality accurately by data from more than check FAQ one rainfall event [23]. Based on statistical analysis for a total of 645 samples during 12 rainfall events, the AEMC values of runoff pollutants in different phases were shown in Table 3. Table 3AEMC values and proportion of runoff pollutants in different phases.In general, the AEMC values of runoff pollutants in different phases from urban roads (RD1 and RD2) were higher than the ones from urban roofs (RF1, RF2, and RF3). It was suggested that road runoff is more polluted than roof runoff.

Compared with RD2, runoff pollution of RD1 was more serious because of heavier traffic. Pollution rank of roof runoff was in the following order: RF1 > RF2 > RF3. It might be caused that the cover material of RF1 is asphalt, which was easy to age and chip after a long time use under the outdoor environment. And low AEMC of RF3 was attributed to using tile as cover material to a certain extent, because the production of some pollutants would be reduced by the good erosion-corrosion resistance of tile roof during the runoff process. Furthermore, distributions of runoff pollutants for all the catchments were similar except for DCOD. The proportions of TDS, DTN, and DTP in total ones were 26.19%�C30.91%, 83.29%�C90.51%, and 61.54%�C68.09%, respectively. It could be observed that solids exist as particulate phase in urban runoff.

Conversely, dissolved matters are the mainly existing phase of nutrients which is usually expressed as nitrogen and phosphorus [24]. Based on the monitoring data, distribution of organic pollutants was closely related to the cover material of urban catchments. For asphalt road and roof (RD1, RD2, and RF1), the proportions of DCOD in TCOD were in the range from 71.76% to 86.23%. But because about half TCOD exist as dissolved phase, the distribution of organic pollutants was equally represented in rainfall runoff from the catchments used inorganic cover material, such as concrete and tile.3.2. Characterizing Runoff Pollutants in Different Phases during Typical Rainfall EventDuring a rainfall event, pollutants transport in different phases is affected by several factors, such as rainfall distribution, catchments type, and pollutant component. Taking a rainfall event of July 20, 2011 (22.2mm) for example, the rainfall distribution was showed in Figure 1. Figure 1Distribution Anacetrapib of typical rainfall (July 20, 2011).

In the synthetic mixtures, neodymium(III) was extracted under the

In the synthetic mixtures, neodymium(III) was extracted under the optimum extraction conditions selleckchem and quantitatively recovered in all mixtures.Table 7Separation of neodymium(III) from synthetic mixture.5. ConclusionQuantitative extraction of neodymium(III) was achieved in 5min with 0.1M N-n-octylaniline in xylene at pH 6.0.The proposed extractive separation method is simple, rapid, selective, reproducible, and suitable for separation and determination of neodymium(III) from associated metal ions and synthetic mixtures.Trace level of neodymium(III) extracted using low concentration of N-n-octylaniline. The extraction mechanism corresponds to an anion exchange, in which a complex of stoichiometric formula [RR��NH2+Nd(succinate)2?]org is formed in the organic phase.

It is free from the interference of a large number of foreign ions.The solvent-like xylene showed good results for N-n-octylaniline compared with other diluents used.N-n-octylaniline can be synthesized at low cost, with high yield and best purity.AcknowledgmentsThe authors are thankful to UGC-SAP and DST-FIST. One of the authors (B. N. Kokare) is thankful to UGC for providing financial assistance.
Over the past several decades, numerous experimental and epidemiological studies on cadmium (Cd), as an important environmental and occupational toxicant, demonstrated multiple mechanisms of Cd toxicity. Besides mechanisms of Cd toxicity which include induction of oxidative stress and apoptosis, aberrant gene expression, altered DNA structure, and inhibition of ATP production in mitochondria [1�C4], Cd toxicity can be also explained by disturbed homeostasis of bioelements [5�C7].

The increasing environmental cadmium exposure, on one hand, and the wide-spread bioelements deficiency in the world mainly due to nutritional factors but also as a result of cadmium exposure, on the other hand, clearly indicate the relevance of Cd bioelements interactions [8�C11].Numerous studies provided evidence that supplementation with certain essential elements, especially zinc (Zn) and selenium (Se), can have protective role against Cd toxicity [6, 7, 12, 13]. The literature data indicate that enhanced Zn intake reduced Cd body burden [14, 15], had beneficial effect on lipid peroxidation induced by Cd [13] or skeletal properties impaired by Cd [16], and had even protective effect against Cd-induced carcinogenicity [4]. Supplementation with Se reduces Cd GSK-3 concentration [17] and protects against Cd-induced oxidative stress in various organs [18]. Although investigated in less extent, there are evidences on beneficial effect of magnesium (Mg) supplemental intake on Cd toxicity.